Describe the characteristics of object oriented programming language

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Bipin Tiwari · Accepted Answer

Characteristics of Object Oriented Languages 1. Objects Objects are the basic run-time entities in an object-oriented system. They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of data or any item that the program must handle.The fundamental idea behind object oriented approach is to combine both data and function into a single unit and these units are called objects. The term objects means a combination of data and program that represent some real word entity. When a program executed, the object interact by sending messages to one another. Each object contain data, and code to manipulate the data. 2. Class A group of objects that share common properties for data part and some program part are collectively called as class. In C ++ a class is a new data type that contains member variables and member functions that operate on the variables. The entire set of data and code of an object can be made a user-defined data type with the help of a class. Objects are variable of the type class. Once a class has been defined, we can create any number of objects belonging to that class. When class is defined, objects are created as: ; If employee has been defined as a class, then the statement employee manager; will create an object manager belonging to the class employee. 3. Encapsulation Wrapping of data and functions together as a single unit is known as encapsulation. By default data is not accessible to outside world and they are only accessible through the functions which are wrapped in a class. Prevention of data from direct access by the program is called data hiding or information hiding. 4. Data Abstraction Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the back ground details or explanation. Classes use the concept of abstraction and are defined as a list of attributes such as size, weight, cost and functions to operate on these attributes. They encapsulate all essential properties of the object that are to be created. The attributes are called as data members as they hold data and the functions which operate on these data are called as member functions. Class use the concept of data abstraction so they are called abstract data type (ADT). 5. Inheritance Inheritance is the mechanism by which one class can inherit the properties of another. It allows a hierarchy of classes to be build, moving from the most general to the most specific. When one class is inherited by another, the class that is inherited is called the base class. The inheriting class is called the derived class. In general, the process of inheritance begins with the definition of a base class. The base class defines all qualities that will be common to any derived class. . In OOPs, the concept of inheritance provides the idea of reusability. In essence, the base class represent the most general description of a set of traits. The derived class inherits those general traits and adds properties that are specific to that class. 6. Polymorphism Polymorphism comes from the Greek words “poly” and “morphism”. “poly” means many and “morphism” means form i.e.. many forms. Polymorphism means the ability to take more than one form. For example, an operation have different behavior in different instances. The behavior depends upon the type of the data used in the operation. Different ways to achieving polymorphism in C++ program: 1) Function overloading 2) Operator overloading It is able to express the operation of addition by a single operater say ‘+’. When this is possible you use the expression x + y to denote the sum of x and y, for many different types of x and y; integers , float and complex no. You can even define the + operation for two strings to mean the concatenation of the strings. 7. Dynamic Binding Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the code to the executed in response to the call. Dynamic binding means the code associated with a given procedure call is not known until the time of the call at run-time. It is associated with a polymorphic reference depends upon the dynamic type of that reference. 8. Message Passing An object oriented program consists of a set of objects that communicate with each other. A message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure and therefore will invoke a function (procedure) in the receiving object that generates the desired result. Message passing involves specifying the name of the object, the name of the function (message) and information to be sent.

Describe the characteristics of object oriented programming language

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Describe the characteristics of object oriented programming language

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