What is protocol? Explain each layer of OSI modal in detail.

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Suresh Chand · Accepted Answer

A network protocol is an established set of rules that determine how data is transmitted between different devices in the same network. Essentially, it allows connected devices to communicate with each other, regardless of any differences in their internal processes, structure or design. There are thousands of different network protocols, but they all perform one of three primary actions: Communication Network management Security OSI Model: OSI model is not a network architecture because it does not specify the exact services and protocols for each layer. It simply tells what each layer should do by defining its input and output data. It is up to network architects to implement the layers according to their needs and the resources available. These are the seven layers of the OSI model − Physical layer −It is the first layer that physically connects the two systems that need to communicate. It transmits data in bits and manages simplex or duplex transmission by modem. It also manages Network Interface Card’s hardware interface to the network, like cabling, cable terminators, topography, voltage levels, etc. Data link layer − It is the firmware layer of the Network Interface Card. It assembles datagrams into frames and adds start and stop flags to each frame. It also resolves problems caused by damaged, lost or duplicate frames. Network layer − It is concerned with routing, switching, and controlling the flow of information between the workstations. It also breaks down transport layer datagrams into smaller datagrams. Transport layer − Till the session layer, the file is in its own form. The transport layer breaks it down into data frames, provides error checking at the network segment level, and prevents a fast host from overrunning a slower one. The transport layer isolates the upper layers from network hardware. Session layer − This layer is responsible for establishing a session between two workstations that want to exchange data. Presentation layer − This layer is concerned with the correct representation of data, i.e. syntax and semantics of information. It controls file-level security and is also responsible for converting data to network standards. Application layer − It is the topmost layer of the network that is responsible for sending application requests by the user to the lower levels. Typical applications include file transfer, E-mail, remote logon, data entry, etc.

What is protocol? Explain each layer of OSI modal in detail.

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What is protocol? Explain each layer of OSI modal in detail.

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