1.1. Data Representation: Binary Representation, BCD, Alphanumeric Representation, Complements, Fixed Point representation, Representing Negative Numbers, Floating Point Representation, Arithmetic with Complements, Overflow, Detecting Overflow 1.2. Other Binary Codes: Gray Code, self Complementing Code, Weighted Code, Excess-3 Code, EBCDIC 1.3. Error Detection Codes: Parity Bit, Odd Parity, Even parity, Parity Generator & Checker

2.1. Microoperation, Register Transfer Language, Register Transfer, Control Function 2.2. Arithmetic Microoperations: Binary Adder, Binary Adder-subtractor, Binary Incrementor, Arithmetic Circuit 2.3. Logic Microoperations, Hardware Implementation, Applications of Logic Microoperations. 2.4. Shift Microoperations: Logical Shift, Circular shift, Arithmetic Shift, Hardware Implementation of Shifter.

3.1. Instruction Code, Operation Code, Stored Program Concept 3.2. Registers and memory of Basic Computer, Common Bus System for Basic Computer. 3.3. Instruction Format, Instruction Set Completeness, Control Unit of Basic Computer, Control Timing Signals 3.4. Instruction Cycle of Basic computer, Determining Type of Instruction, Memory Reference Instructions, Input-Output Instructions, Program Interrupt & Interrupt Cycle. 3.5. Description and Flowchart of Basic Computer

4.1. Control Word, Microprogram, Control Memory, Control Address Register, Sequencer 4.2. Address Sequencing, Conditional Branch, Mapping of Instructions, Subroutines, Microinstruction Format, Symbolic Microinstructions 4.3. Design of Control Unit

5.1. Major Components of CPU, CPU Organization 5.2. Instruction Formats, Addressing Modes, Data Transfer and manipulation, Program Control, Subroutine Call and Return, Types of Interrupt 5.3. RISC vs CISC, Pros and Cons of RISC and CISC, Overlapped Register Windows

6.1. Parallel Processing, Multiple Functional Units, Flynn’s Classification 6.2. Pipelining: Concept and Demonstration with Example, Speedup Equation, Floating Point addition and Subtraction with Pipelining 6.3. Instruction Level Pipelining: Instruction Cycle, Three & Four-Segment Instruction Pipeline, Pipeline Conflicts and Solutions 6.4. Vector Processing, Applications, Vector Operations, Matrix Multiplication

7.1. Addition and Subtraction with Signed Magnitude Data, Addition and Subtraction with Signed 2's Complement Data 7.2. Multiplication of Signed Magnitude Data, Booth Multiplication, Division of Signed magnitude Data, Divide Overflow

7.1 Input-Output Interface: I/O Bus and Interface Modules, I/O vs. Memory Bus, Isolated vs. Memory-Mapped I/O 7.2. Asynchronous Data Transfer: Strobe, Handshaking 7.3. Modes of Transfer: Programmed I/O, Interrupt-Initiated I/O, Direct memory Access 7.4. Priority Interrupt: Polling, Daisy-Chaining, Parallel Priority Interrupt 7.5. Direct Memory Access, Input-Output Processor, DMA vs. IOP

9.1 Memory Hierarchy, Main Memory, RAM and ROM Chips, Memory address Map, Memory Connection to CPU, Auxiliary Memory (magnetic Disk, Magnetic Tape) 9.1 Associative Memory: Hardware Organization, Match Logic, Read Operation, Write Operation 9.1 Cache Memory: Locality of Reference, Hit & Miss Ratio, Mapping, Write Policies