1.1. Definition, Two views of operating system, Evolution of operating system, Types of OS. 1.2. System Call, Handling System Calls, System Programs, Operating System Structures, The Shell, Open Source Operating Systems

2.1. Process vs Program, Multiprogramming, Process Model, Process States, Process Control Block. 2.2. Threads, Thread vs Process, User and Kernel Space Threads. 2.3. Inter Process Communication, Race Condition, Critical Section 2.4. Implementing Mutual Exclusion: Mutual Exclusion with Busy Waiting (Disabling Interrupts, Lock Variables, Strict Alteration, Peterson’s Solution, Test and Set Lock), Sleep and Wakeup, Semaphore, Monitors, Message Passing, 2.5. Classical IPC problems: Producer Consumer, Sleeping Barber, Dining Philosopher Problem 2.6. Process Scheduling: Goals, Batch System Scheduling (First-Come First-Served, Shortest Job First, Shortest Remaining Time Next), Interactive System Scheduling (Round-Robin Scheduling, Priority Scheduling, Multiple Queues), Overview of Real Time System Scheduling

3.1. Introduction, Deadlock Characterization, Preemptable and Non-preemptable Resources, Resource – Allocation Graph, Conditions for Deadlock 3.2. Handling Deadlocks: Ostrich Algorithm, Deadlock prevention, Deadlock Avoidance, Deadlock Detection (For Single and Multiple Resource Instances), Recovery From Deadlock (Through Preemption and Rollback)

4.1. Introduction, Monoprogramming vs. Multi-programming, Modelling Multiprogramming, Multiprogramming with fixed and variable partitions, Relocation and Protection. 4.2. Memory management (Bitmaps & Linked-list), Memory Allocation Strategies 4.3. Virtual memory: Paging, Page Table, Page Table Structure, Handling Page Faults, TLB’s 4.4. Page Replacement Algorithms: FIFO, Second Chance, LRU, Optimal, LFU, Clock, WS- Clock, Concept of Locality of Reference, Belady’s Anomaly 4.5. Segmentation: Need of Segmentation, its Drawbacks, Segmentation with Paging(MULTICS)

5.1. File Overview: File Naming, File Structure, File Types, File Access, File Attributes, File Operations, Single Level, two Level and Hierarchical Directory Systems, File System Layout. 5.2. Implementing Files: Contiguous allocation, Linked List Allocation, Linked List Allocation using Table in Memory, Inodes. 5.3. Directory Operations, Path Names, Directory Implementation, Shared Files 5.4. Free Space Management: Bitmaps, Linked List

6.1. Classification of IO devices, Controllers, Memory Mapped IO, DMA Operation, Interrupts 6.2. Goals of IO Software, Handling IO(Programmed IO, Interrupt Driven IO, IO using DMA), IO Software Layers (Interrupt Handlers, Device Drivers) 6.3. Disk Structure, Disk Scheduling (FCFS, SSTF, SCAN, CSCAN, LOOK, CLOOK), Disk Formatting (Cylinder Skew, Interleaving, Error handling), RAID

7.1 History, Kernel Modules, Process Management, Scheduling, Inter-process Communication, Memory Management, File System Management Approaches, Device Management Approaches.